Chemistry Nobel Prize Winners (1901 to Present)

Chemistry Nobel Prize Winners (1901 to Present) Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist and the inventor of dynamite. Nobel recognized the destructive power of dynamite, but hoped that such power would lead to an end to warfare. However, dynamite was quickly exploited to develop newer, more deadly weapons. Not wanting to be remembered as the merchant of death, an epitaph given him by a French newspaper in a mistaken obituary, Nobel wrote his will such that it would establish prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. A sixth category, economics, was added in 1969. It took some time to implement Nobels wishes. The first Nobel prize was awarded in 1901, which was five years after Alfred Nobels death. Note that the Nobel prize can only be won by individuals, there can be no more than three winners in a given year, and money is split equally between multiple winners. Each winner gets a gold medal, a sum of money, and a diploma. Here is the list of the Nobel laureates in Chemistry: Nobel Prize in Chemistry Year Laureate Country Research 1901 Jacobus H. vant Hoff Netherlands Discovered laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions 1902 Emil Hermann Fischer Germany Synthetic studies of sugar and purine groups 1903 Svante A. Arrhenius Sweden Theory of electrolytic dissociation 1904 Sir William Ramsay Great Britain Discovered the noble gases 1905 Adolf von Baeyer Germany Organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds 1906 Henri Moissan France Studied and isolated the element fluorine 1907 Eduard Buchner Germany Biochemical studies, discovered fermentation without cells 1908 Sir Ernest Rutherford Great Britain Decay of the elements, chemistry of radioactive substances 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald Germany Catalysis, chemical equilibria, and reaction rates 1910 Otto Wallach Germany Alicyclic compounds 1911 Marie Curie Poland-France Discovered radium and polonium 1912 Victor GrignardPaul Sabatier FranceFrance Grignards reagentHydrogenation of organic compounds in the presence of finely divided metals 1913 Alfred Werner Switzerland Bonding relations of atoms in molecules (inorganic chemistry) 1914 Theodore W. Richards United States Determined atomic weights 1915 Richard M. Willsttter Germany Investigated plant pigments, particularly chlorophyll 1916 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section 1917 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section 1918 Fritz Haber Germany Synthesized ammonia from its elements 1919 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section 1920 Walther H. Nernst Germany Studies on thermodynamics 1921 Frederick Soddy Great Britain Chemistry of radioactive substances, occurrence and nature of the isotopes 1922 Francis William Aston Great Britain Discovered several isotopes, mass spectrograph 1923 Fritz Pregl Austria Microanalysis of organic compounds 1924 The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section 1925 Richard A. Zsigmondy Germany, Austria Colloid chemistry (ultramicroscope) 1926 Theodor Svedberg Sweden Disperse systems (ultracentrifuge) 1927 Heinrich O. Wieland Germany Constitution of bile acids 1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Germany Study of sterols and their relation with vitamins (vitamin D) 1929 Sir Arthur HardenHans von Euler-Chelpin Great BritainSweden, Germany Studied fermentation of sugars and enzymes 1930 Hans Fischer Germany Studied blood and plant pigments, synthesized hemin 1931 Friedrich BergiusKarl Bosch GermanyGermany Developed chemical high-pressure processes 1932 Irving Langmuir United States Surface chemistry 1933 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1934 Harold Clayton Urey United States Discovery of heavy hydrogen (deuterium) 1935 Frederic Joliot-CurieIrne Joliot-Curie FranceFrance Syntheses of new radioactive elements (artificial radioactivity) 1936 Peter J. W. Debye Netherlands, Germany Studied dipole moments and the diffraction of X rays and electron beams by gases 1937 Walter N. HaworthPaul Karrer Great BritainSwitzerland Studied carbohydrates and vitamin CStudied carotenoids and flavins and vitamins A and B2 1938 Richard Kuhn Germany Studied carotenoids and vitamins 1939 Adolf F. J. ButenandtLavoslav Stjepan Ruika GermanySwitzerland Studies on sexual hormonesStudied polymethylenes and higher terpenes 1940 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section 1941 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1942 The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1943 Georg de Hevesy Hungary Application of isotopes as indicators in the investigation of chemical processes 1944 Otto Hahn Germany Discovered nuclear fission of atoms 1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Finland Discoveries in the area of agricultural and food chemistry, method of preservation of fodder 1946 James B. Sumner John H. Northrop Wendell M. Stanley United StatesUnited StatesUnited States Prepared enzymes and virus proteins in pure formCrystallizability of enzymes 1947 Sir Robert Robinson Great Britain Studied alkaloids 1948 Arne W. K. Tiselius Sweden Analysis using electrophoresis and adsorption, discoveries concerning serum proteins 1949 William F. Giauque United States Contributions to chemical thermodynamics, properties at extremely low temperatures (adiabatic demagnetization) 1950 Kurt AlderOtto P. H. Diels GermanyGermany Developed diene synthesis 1951 Edwin M. McMillanGlenn T. Seaborg United StatesUnited States Discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements 1952 Archer J. P. MartinRichard L. M. Synge Great BritainGreat Britain Invented distribution chromatography 1953 Hermann Staudinger Germany Discoveries in the area of macromolecular chemistry 1954 Linus C. Pauling United States Studied the nature of the chemical bond (molecular structure of proteins) 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud United States Synthesized a polypeptide hormone 1956 Sir Cyril Norman HinshelwoodNikolai N. Semenov Great BritainSoviet Union Mechanisms of chemical reactions 1957 Sir Alexander R. Todd Great Britain Studied nucleotides and their coenzymes 1958 Frederick Sanger Great Britain Structure of proteins, especially insulin 1959 Jaroslav Heyrovsk Czech Republic Polarography 1960 Willard F. Libby United States Application of carbon 14 for age determinations (radiocarbon dating) 1961 Melvin Calvin United States Studied the assimilation of carbonic acid by plants (photosynthesis) 1962 John C. KendrewMax F. Perutz Great BritainGreat Britain, Austria Studied the structures of globulin proteins 1963 Giulio NattaKarl Ziegler ItalyGermany Chemistry and technology of high polymers 1964 Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin Great Britain Structure determination of biologically important substances by means of X rays 1965 Robert B. Woodward United States Syntheses of natural products 1966 Robert S. Mulliken United States Studied chemical bonds and the electron structure of molecules using the orbital method 1967 Manfred EigenRonald G. W. NorrishGeorge Porter GermanyGreat BritainGreat Britain Investigated extremely fast chemical reactions 1968 Lars Onsager United States, Norway Studied the thermodynamics of irreversible processes 1969 Derek H. R. BartonOdd Hassel Great BritainNorway Development of the concept of conformation 1970 Luis F. Leloir Argentina Discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates 1971 Gerhard Herzberg Canada Electron structure and geometry of molecules, particularly of free radicals (molecular spectroscopy) 1972 Christian B. AnfinsenStanford MooreWilliam H. Stein United StatesUnited StatesUnited States Studied ribonuclease (Anfinsen)Studied the active center of ribonuclease (Moore Stein) 1973 Ernst Otto FischerGeoffrey Wilkinson GermanyGreat Britain Chemistry of metal-organic sandwich compounds 1974 Paul J. Flory United States Physical chemistry of macromolecules 1975 John CornforthVladimir Prelog Australia - Great BritainYugoslavia - Switzerland Stereochemistry of enzyme catalysis reactionsStudied the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions 1976 William N. Lipscomb United States Structure of boranes 1977 Ilya Prigogine Belgium Contributions to the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, particularly to the theory of dissipative structures 1978 Peter Mitchell Great Britain Studied biological energy transfer, development of the chemiosmotic theory 1979 Herbert C. BrownGeorg Wittig United StatesGermany Development of (organic) boron and phosphorous compounds 1980 Paul BergWalter GilbertFrederick Sanger United StatesUnited StatesGreat Britain Studied the biochemistry of nucleic acids, particularly hybrid DNA (technology of gene surgery) (Berg)Determined base sequences in nucleic acids (Gilbert Sanger) 1981 Kenichi FukuiRoald Hoffmann JapanUnited States Theories on the progress of chemical reactions (frontier orbital theory) 1982 Aaron Klug South Africa Developed crystallographic methods for the elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid protein complexes 1983 Henry Taube Canada Reaction mechanisms of electron transfer, especially with metal complexes 1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield United States Method for the preparation of peptides and proteins 1985 Herbert A. HauptmanJerome Karle United StatesUnited States Developed direct methods for the determination of crystal structures 1986 Dudley R. HerschbachYuan T. LeeJohn C. Polanyi United StatesUnited StatesCanada Dynamics of chemical elementary processes 1987 Donald James CramCharles J. PedersenJean-Marie Lehn United StatesUnited StatesFrance Development of molecules with structurally specific interaction of high selectivity 1988 Johann DeisenhoferRobert HuberHartmut Michel GermanyGermanyGermany Determined the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction center 1989 Thomas Robert CechSidney Altman United StatesUnited States Discovered the catalytic properties of ribonucleic acid (RNA) 1990 Elias James Corey United States Developed novel methods for the synthesis of complex natural compounds (retrosynthetic analysis) 1991 Richard R. Ernst Switzerland Developed high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) 1992 Rudolph A. Marcus Canada - United States Theories of electron transfer 1993 Kary B. MullisMichael Smith United StatesGreat Britain - Canada Invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)Development of site specific mutagenesis 1994 George A. Olah United States Carbocations 1995 Paul CrutzenMario MolinaF. Sherwood Rowland NetherlandsMexico - United StatesUnited States Work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone 1996 Harold W. KrotoRobert F. Curl, Jr.Richard E. Smalley Great BritainUnited StatesUnited States Discovered fullerenes 1997 Paul Delos BoyerJohn E. WalkerJens C. Skou United StatesGreat BritainDenmark Elucidated the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase 1998 Walter KohnJohn A. Pople United StatesGreat Britain Development of the density-functional theory (Kohn)Development of computational methods in quantum chemistry (GAUSSIAN computer programs) (Pope) 1999 Ahmed H. Zewail Egypt - United States Studied the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy 2000 Alan J. HeegerAlan G. MacDiarmidHideki Shirakawa United StatesUnited StatesJapan Discovered and developed conductive polymers 2001 William S. KnowlesRyoji NoyoriKarl Barry Sharpless United StatesJapanUnited States Work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions (Knowles Noyori)Work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions (Sharpless) 2002 John Bennett FennJokichi TakamineKurt Wthrich United StatesJapanSwitzerland Developed soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules (Fenn Tanaka)Developed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution (Wthrich) 2003 Peter AgreRoderick MacKinnon United StatesUnited States Discovered water channels for transport of water in cell membranesPerformed structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels in cells 2004 Aaron CiechanoverAvaram HershkoIrwin Rose IsraelIsraelUnited States Discovered and elucidated the process of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation 2005 Yves ChauvinRobert H. GrubbsRichard R. Schrock FranceUnited StatesUnited States Developed the metathesis method of organic synthesis, allowing for advances in green chemistry 2006 Roger D. Kornberg United States for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription 2007 Gerhard Ertl Germany for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces 2008 Shimomura OsamuMartin ChalfieRoger Y. Tsien United States for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP 2009 Venkatraman RamakrishnanThomas A. SteitzAda E. Yonath United KingdomUnited StatesIsreal for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome 2010 Ei-ichi NegishiAkira SuzukiRichard Heck JapanJapanUnited States for the development of palladium-catalyzed cross coupling 2011 Daniel Shechtman Israel for the discovery of quasi-crystals 2012 Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka United States for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors 2013 Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, Arieh Warshel United States for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems 2014 Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell, William E. Moerner (USA) United States, Germany, United States for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy 2016 Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart, Bernard L. Feringa France, United States, Netherlands for the design and synthesis of molecular machines 2017 Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, Richard Henderson Switzerland, United States, United Kingdom for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution

Love Quotes That Never Go Out of Fashion

Love Quotes That Never Go Out of Fashion What is your first reaction when you hear someone use a cheesy line? If you are a closet romantic, youd pooh-pooh the die-hard romantic  talk. You might even make disgusted faces and tell others how stupid young lovers are. But honestly, wouldnt you love it when someone used a cheesy line on you? Something happens to us when we hear cheesy love quotes. On the outside, we pretend to be squeamish. But inside, we admire the deep love that gushes out in the form of unbridled flattery. Break the Ice With Love Quotes Cheesy love quotes can be great icebreakers when you want to work your charm on someone. In fact, many couples have claimed that its the cheesy love quotes that are the deal clinchers. Many years later, they fondly remember the first time they met, often citing the pickup line that sealed their love. As the years go by, couples may fall into a comfort zone, and the expression of these kinds of love sentiments might become awkward. But rest assured romance never dies out. When your partner occasionally makes a public display of affection by using cheesy lines, you cant help feeling all romantic. Use Valentines Day as an Excuse On Valentines Day, you can pull out all the stops. Whether you are single or happily married, this is a perfect time to test the cheesy love quotes and woo your sweetheart. On Valentines Day, you can even blame the cheese on Cupid. Go the extra mile and shower love on your dearest. Cast aside your embarrassment and fear of rejection. Read some sappy romantic movie quotes for inspiration and play Romeo or Juliet. Your lover  might be embarrassed or even mortified by your sudden display of passion. But when they look back, they will treasure these memories of love. Robert BraultTo find someone who will love you for no reason, and to shower that person with reasons, that is the ultimate happiness. Dr. Felice Leonardo (Leo) Buscaglia aka Dr. Love from Speaking of LoveLove is life. And if you miss love, you miss life. Roy Croft from the poem LoveI love you, not only for what you are but for what I am when I am with you. Billy Crystal in the movie When Harry Met SallyWhen you realize you want to spend the rest of your life with somebody, you want the rest of your life to start as soon as possible. Colin Firth in the movie  Love ActuallyI love you even when youre sick and look disgusting. F. Scott Fitzgerald I love her and that’s the beginning and end of everything. Robert Fulghum from the book True LoveWere all a little weird. And life is a little weird. And when we find someone whose weirdness is compatible with ours, we join up with them and fall into mutual satisfying weirdness- and call it love- true love. Ryan Gosling in the movie Blue ValentineI dont know, I just got a feeling about her. You know when a song comes on and you just gotta dance? Anthony Hopkins in the movie Meet Joe BlackMultiply [love] it by infinity and take it to the depths of forever, and you will still have barely a glimpse of what Im talking about. Franklin P. Jones Love doesnt make the world go round. Love is what makes the ride worthwhile. Jason Jordan True love does not come by finding the perfect person, but by learning to see an imperfect person perfectly. Robert Jordan from the book The Wheel of TimeYou have made a place in my heart where I thought there was no room for anything else. You have made flowers grow where I cultivated dust and stones. John Keats from the book The Mentorï » ¿My creed is love and you are its only tenet. Heath Ledger from the movie A Knight’s TaleMay I ask your name, my lady? Or perhaps angels have no names, only beautiful faces. Sam McBratney from the book Guess How Much I Love YouI love you right up to the moon...and back. George Moore Other men have seen angels, But I have seen thee, And thou art enough. Michel de Montaigne from the book The Complete Essaysï » ¿If I am pressed to say why I loved him, I feel it can only be explained by replying: Because it was he; because it was me. Iris Murdoch [Love is] the extremely difficult realization that something other than oneself is real. Edgar Allan Poe from the short story Annabel Lee We loved with a love that was more than love. Jeremy Taylor Love is friendship set on fire. Robert Tizon I would rather have eyes that cannot see; ears that cannot hear; lips that cannot speak, than a heart that cannot love. Dr. Seuss aka Theodor Seuss GeiselYou know youre in love when you dont want to fall asleep because reality is finally better than your dreams. Swedish Proverb Love me when I least deserve it  because thats when I really need it. J.R.R. Tolkien from the book The Fellowship of the RingI would rather share one lifetime with you than face all the ages of this world alone. Mae West Love conquers all things except poverty and toothache. Oscar Wilde Who, being loved, is poor? Renee Zellweger,  in the movie Jerry MaguireYou had me at hello.

Embraer Company(Brazil Company) BRICS, Why should invest Essay

Embraer Company(Brazil Company) BRICS, Why should invest - Essay Example Different investment appraisal techniques would be applied on the forecasted financial statements of the company and then the company would be evaluated for the purpose of investment. Some of the investment appraisal techniques that have been used to analyse the company’s performance are: Net present value of the future cash flows, internal rate of return, Benefit to cost ratio, Profitability Index, and average accounting rate of return. These techniques have been used to analyse whether the company is a good option to invest or not. The expected net income has been discounted with the estimated growth of the company. Expected growth has been calculated from the growth the company achieved from its sales of last complete year i.e. sales of year 2010 and sales of year 2011 have been used to calculate the estimated growth. It has been found from the financials of the company that the company has been making an investment every year. The investment made by the company has been varying since 2007 and therefore average of the investment of the company has been taken and the same amount or the average amount has been assumed to occur in the years to come. The average investment made by the company is found to be $376.33 million (Embraer d, 2012). As the net present value of the future cash flows is positive therefore according to the NPV, one should invest in the company. However, NPV is not very high but even positive NPV investment opportunity is worth investing as it would have a higher return in future. Internal rate of return is rate of return where the future value of the cash flows is equal to 0. Internal rate of return of future cash flows is 82.37% and this is the rate where the future cash flows after being discounted are showing an NPV of 0 (Gitman, 2003). As the value of IRR is 82.37% which is more than the growth

Communication in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Communication in Practice - Essay Example Her affect was inconstant, shifting from a blunted to euphoric to inappropriate, and his insight, as well as judgment, was partial. She did not have thought insertion, broadcasting, withdrawal, and no thoughts of reference. She often made comments that were grossly inappropriate and had problems engaging with peers. She had poor concentration, initial insomnia, and high energy. The manifestation of the mood disorder threw me aback leaving me in a situation of deep thought regarding the best way to handle the patient in a professional manner. I chose to draw lessons from Gibbs model of reflection, allowing me to make a quick description, analysis, and an assessment of the experience helping me to make sense of the experience at hand and examine my practice. The reflection was not enough, and I had to employ other skills gained during training to formulate an action plan. I knew that I had to apply logic to exhibit the fallacy of the hallucinations and delusions in the client, be neutral in case the service user neglected my contact and use non-verbal communication methods such as smiling, facial expressions, and tactile tactics to win the trust of the patient (Peschken & Johnson, 1997). I asked questions, made comments, and focused on what was happening. I also found it necessary to communicate acceptance to the patient, even though many people at the setti ng did not understand the perceptions and thoughts of the client. In this paper, I expound on the application of theories of reflection in the clinical practice to learn from experiences and to make the best decisions in stressful situations. Within the clinical setting, reflection is regarded as the active process of analyzing, reviewing, and evaluating experiences, drawing from theoretical models or past learning. The purpose of applying reflective models is to inform current as well as future actions in the healthcare milieu (Reid, 1993. A

Final 311 Essay Example for Free

Final 311 Essay

Important Elements of a Written Loan Policy :: essays research papers

Assignment # 4 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most important ways a bank can make sure its loans meet regulatory standards and are profitable is by establishing a written loan policy. A loan policy gives loan officers and the bank’s management specific guidelines in making some loan decisions and in shaping the over all portfolios of the bank. The following are the most important elements of a Written Loan Policy;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Statements of Lending: A statement that defines the type of loan, its maturities, quality and the size of loans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establish a Lending Authority: It should clearly define who is authorized to a loan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establish Lines of Responsibility: It is making sure that all the information is reported to its department.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operating Procedure: There should be appropriate operating procedures for soliciting, reviewing, evaluating, and making decisions on customer loan application.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Required Documents: All the required documents should be obtained for every loan application and must be filed properly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lines of Authority: Responsibility for maintaining and reviewing the bank’s credit files should be well defined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guidelines: Proper guidelines must be given as to how you can take a loan, evaluate it and perfect a loan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Policies’ & Procedures: Policies’ & Procedures for establishing interest rates, payments, fees and repayments must be present.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establish Quality Standards: A statement of quality standards applicable to all loans. That is, if a person does not meet the standards then the loan should be denied.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establishing Upper Limit to Loans: A statement defining the upper limit to a loan beyond which a loan cannot be allowed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Define its Community: A description of the bank’s principal trade area, which most loans should come from.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trouble Loan: A discussion of the preferred procedures for detecting, analyzing, and working out problem loan situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For loan to be good three conditions should be fulfilled, ie. First that the borrower should be creditworthy. Which could be known by a detailed study of the following six aspects:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Character: The loan officer must know the purpose of the loan and make sure that the customer will be able to make the repayment of the loan. He should also determine that the borrower has a responsible attitude towards using borrowed funds, is truthful in answering the bank’s questions and willing to make every effort to repay what is owned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capacity: The loan officer must make sure the borrower has the authority to request a loan and the legal standing to sign a loan agreement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cash: The loan officer should make sure that the borrower has a stable stream of income and the ability to repay the loan.

John Locke and Immanuel Kant Essay

We are here concerned with the relationship between the human mind, somatic-sensory perceptions, objects of perception, and claims of knowledge arising from their interaction, through the philosophies of John Locke and Immanuel Kant. Confounding the ability to find solid epistemological ground, philosophers have, generally speaking, debated whether ‘what’ we know is prima facie determined by the objective, as-they-are, characteristics of the external world 1(epistemological realism) or if the mind determines, as-it-is, the nature of objects through its own experiential deductions (epistemological idealism). The purpose of this paper is to use the synthetical approach of Immanuel Kant, who utilizes a logical schematization of cognition along with experience (transcendental idealism), in the attaining of knowledge, to criticize Locke’s claims against innate ideas, and subsequently, origin and attainment of knowledge. In the first part of this paper, I will explain the major differences which distinguish epistemological realism and idealism. This disambiguation of philosophical jargon is to allow the reader to understand why the debate exists, how it impacts what human’s claims as ‘knowledge’, and whether or not the debate has any contemporary philosophical importance. This last feature is a relevant aspect of the debate since ‘knowledge’ applies to a great many areas of human life, including, but not limited to, the sciences, morality and ethics, and aesthetics. In the second part of this paper, I will outline Kant’s idealism, otherwise known as, transcendental idealism. This section will lay out the terminology in Kant’s epistemology which will act as a backdrop for comparing and contrasting the theory of Locke. This section will also describe the foundation of Kant’s epistemological claims. As mentioned in the introduction, the mind, the somatic-sensory perceptions, and objects of perception are to be accounted for in the debate between idealism and realism. Thus, the second part of the paper will conclude with an understanding of how knowledge arises under the rubric of Kant’s transcendental idealism. The third part of this paper is then dedicated to providing an account of Lockean innate knowledge and its place in our epistemological enquiry. It is presumed that several deficiencies, to be discussed, are apparent in Locke’s epistemological realism without the use of innate ‘ideas’. These deficiencies, however, are percolated only in light of the Kantian juxtaposition for which this section serves the purpose. In the final part of this paper, I will conclude that while Locke’s epistemological theories h ave had a great influence on the progress of epistemology, especially as a critique against rationalism, the idea of no innate ideas impressed upon the mind prior to experience ultimately leads Lockean realism to base claims that all knowledge arises solely from experience as inexhaustively question-begging without Kant’s transcendentalism. Dealing with the problems of realism and idealism can be seen in humans as young as three years old. Although it may not be so apparent to parents at the time, when a child asks, â€Å"How do you know that? ,† they are challenging the method in which a person uses to ‘know’ what they know. However, children, like philosophers, might not be satisfied with the first answer and continue with a meta-inquiry: â€Å"How do you know that? † While this interrogative approach to understanding the world can be frustrating it does illuminate a particular problem in reasoning, generally. That is, at some point we are forced to answer, vacuously, â€Å"I know, because I know. † However, the persistent child philosopher can rebut with, â€Å"How do you know that you know? † The problems intrinsic to the line of questioning above demonstrate a broad epistemological problem. To solve the problem philosophers have sought out ways in order to make ‘what we know’ or explaining ‘how we know’ a bit more reliable or certain. That is, to provide an answer to our inquisitive three year old that breaks the meta-inquiry of knowable certitude. Knowledge, however, is a little tricky because there is an identity problem between the world and the ideas, or thoughts, in our minds. In making claims of knowledge we must presume certain things are true. To say that you know something assumes that you (1) believe the world represented in your mind is exactly as it is whether you perceive it or not and what we have to say about the world must correspond to the way the world is perceived, (2) the world gives us information about objects, which can be accurate, but our minds are the final decision makers about the nature of those objects which can lead to skepticism, or (3) there is nothing stable about the appearances of the world as presented to our minds, and what we know is solely the product of collective reflection, otherwise known as reasoning. In the context of my thesis, it could be argued that if a set of instructions were provided, such as innate ideas in the mind, these three broad, epistemological viewpoints would be narrowed down to one. The first assumption, (1), is the philosophical position known, broadly, as epistemological realism. The second assumption, (2), is more of a dualism in that it is believed there is enough perceived objectivity in the world to have some certain knowledge of it, but it is still subjected to our experiential bias (intuition plays a more integral role in this doctrine). This is a kind of realism in that certain properties about the objects we perceive are unalterable or indisputable since they would retain those characteristics whether or not they are observed. The third position is epistemological idealism. This position holds, generally, that knowledge is not a product of the nature of objects, but instead, derived from the nature of the mind. In other words, the certainty of knowledge is granted through the nature of the mind found within the species deliberating over certain claims. As mentioned, the debate between idealism and realism does have, beyond satisfying the curiosity of toddlers, implications in other areas of philosophy. It is not the focus of this paper, but an example that illustrates potential problems is that of ethics and morality. In epistemological realism, it may be the case that certain acts produce pain in humans, but there is nothing, it is alleged, which a person can point to in the world that would verify this (kind of) pain as bad, good, rightly, wrongly imposed. In other words, epistemological realism holds that we can know facts about the way the world is because our mind is receptive and capable of reproducing them accurately in our minds, but it is another thing to try to extrapolate from these facts/experiences a particular value/meaning to attach to prescriptive claims. In the extreme case, an epistemological realist might claim that all rules of morality are completely made up and merely appeal to our feelings about facts, but we cannot know for certain. As for idealism, morality appears as a less problematic discourse since the very proprietor of knowledge is that which is arbitrating over moral disputes. However, the kind of facts and/or values which moral claims arise, for idealists, are of a strictly theoretical nature and can be said to carry as much empirical or logical certainty as those doubted in the case of realism. At best they are egocentric and/or egotistic. Even in contemporary debates, which diverge subtly from the philosophies this paper examines, the entailment of moral truths from realist or idealist doctrines remains unsolved. In some cases, such as Marxist philosophy, there can be a real confusion about which doctrine actually prevails. The Communist rule of Stalin and Mao is arguably a perversion of epistemological realism for what was actually and indiscernibly expressed as an idealist project. It was in the Critique of Pure Reason that the philosopher Immanuel Kant attempted to settle the problem of epistemological certainty and skepticism. Recalling the relationship between the mind, objects of the world, our perceptive apparatuses, and knowledge, Kant opens up the Critique of Pure Reason with two allusive statements[1]: (1) â€Å"†¦no knowledge our ours is antecedent to experience, but begins with it. † (2) â€Å"†¦though all of our knowledge begins with experience, it by no means follows that all arises out of experience. † Situating these two phrases within the context of realism and idealism requires parsing out the some key phrases within these statements. The first key phrase or term is â€Å"begins. † Kant tells us that â€Å"knowledge begins with experience. † That is, in order to say â€Å"I know,† one must first have an object which makes some kind of sensory impression on the mind. [2]â€Å"For how is it possible,† Kant asks, â€Å"that the faculty of cognition should be awakened into exercise otherwise by means of objects which affect our senses†¦so to convert the raw material of our sensuous impressions into a knowledge of objects? † It is, therefore, objects in the world that first supply us with the â€Å"raw material† for ‘beginning’ the process of attaining knowledge; the term ‘process’ is important here, because the two statements above allude to two different kinds of knowledge. It is not the case, claims Kant, all knowledge is a direct derivative of compounding impressions of raw data. For Kant, and this point lays the foundation of idealism, the mind plays a much more integral role in determining how those impressions are arranged in pre-conscious faculties. This difference plays an important role in the realism/idealism debate since the relationship between the minds’ functioning and knowledge claims depends upon disassociating two different kinds of demonstrations: (1) a method of proving what is known, (2) the acquisition of knowledge. More specifically, the debate between realism and idealism must in some ways reconcile itself with knowledge claims that are a priori and/or a posteriori. The former refers to rationalized knowledge which is universal, necessary and independent of experience (though this last condition, as we will see, is not so clear in Kant’s idealism). The latter is empirical knowledge which is acquired directly through our sensory perception and is validated by the relationship between what is stated and the way the world appears to be. For example, the claim that ‘snow is cold’ is a posteriori since the concept of ‘cold’ is not directly related to ‘snow’ independent of human experience. What is a priori knowledge is the fundamental subject of Kant’s transcendental idealism. According to Kant, a priori knowledge is not just about a method of proof, but also about how we attain a priori knowledge. As mentioned above, Kant is concerned with not only the knowledge that comes from experience, but also knowledge that arises from experience. That is, Kant seeks to settle how a priori knowledge, knowledge that lends epistemological certitude regarding to certain claims, is attained and verified without relying on facts about an external world. It is here that we see explicitly how a priori knowledge and epistemological idealism are integral and linked to the realism/idealism discussion; a priori knowledge is attained through a logical rationalization of concepts about objects that does not require a direct experience of them. In other words, a priori knowledge is knowledge which, according to Kant, begins with experience, but does not necessarily arise from that experience. To unpack this influx of these epistemological connections, it will be instructive to begin with what Kant calls the Transcendental Aesthetic. There is, states Kant, an arrangement to the mind which makes experience possible. This arrangement, or what Kant calls ‘schematism’ not only makes experience possible, but it also limits the scope of possible experiences. To refocus, Kant’s position is that space and time are the two most fundamental conditions for having an experience. All objects which are presented to the mind are done so, necessarily, in time and in space. It is important to recall that objects of perception/experience make impressions on the mind which is done through any or all of the five senses. This means that space and time, in order to be objects of the external world, must possess the property of being sensible. But if space is the condition for which objects are experienced, then space can only exist because space exists (this kind of paradox is addressed in the Antinomies). The same applies to time. Kant, therefore, purports that space and time are mere formal conditionings of objects via the minds operation providing, at the same time, the possibility of experience and experiential limitations. The upshot for Kant is that he loses nothing with this claim. The reality of space and time, as external objects, would lend no more validity to knowledge claims since the properties of space and time are necessary conditions for experience. Thus, making knowledge claims do not change whether space and time are properties of realist or idealist doctrines. In addition, Kant avoids the paradoxes which arise from claiming space and as objects of external reality by placing them as antecedent conditions for experience, as is needed, in the mind. This leads us to what Kant calls ‘synthetical’ claims a priori. By placing objects in space and in time there are going to be properties pertaining to the relations of objects to other objects and properties of objects that will follow the logic of being so represented. When Kant says that knowledge can arise from experience he is referring to the synthetical claims a priori which are determined by the logic of space and time as formal conditions for experiential representations. This is how Kant is able to famously answer how ‘every change has cause’ is necessary without realist fact. Kant admits that change is something that must be experienced, but change is an experience in space and in time. Since time is represented as a succession or the proceeding of an object through/from time t1 to time t2, and change is a relation of cause and effect, and since a cause cannot be its effect (see the paradox of space and time being the conditions of their own existence above), then once we are able to experience an event as ‘change’ in relation to an object (in time and space), we can, and with no further experience, strictly use the concepts of ‘cause’, ‘event’, and ‘change’, to make the a priori claim that ‘every change has a cause’; note, not just a change, or some changes, but every change has a cause. In other words, because of Kant’s transcendental idealism, we are logically justified in attaching certain knowledge of properties and relations in and between objects beyond what is provided by what we know a posteriori. It is through this understanding of Kant’s transcendental idealism that we are to understand and address John Locke’s assertion that the mind, when it first is developed, is nothing more than a blank slate, or ‘tabula rasa’. Locke’s task in Book I [3]â€Å"how men, barely by the use of their natural faculties, may attain to all the knowledge they have, without the help of innate impressions; and may arrive at certainty, without any such original notions or principles. † In Kantian language, impressions are those images that are implanted in the mind by sensuous perception/experience. The concept of innate, for Locke, then, must refer to impressions which are found in the mind before the Kantian impression. That is, as an ‘impression’ for both Locke and Kant, if it is innate, then the impression exists prior to sensual experience and provides some kind of information. This is the opposite of tabula rasa. In the beginning of Book I, Locke does not refer to innate knowledge, which would be the product of extrapolating statements from information; information, in this case, simply refers to facts or what Locke refers to as ‘simple ideas’. On one level there is a similarity between Kant and Locke. Locke goes on to state that [4]â€Å"it would be impertinent to suppose the ideas of colours innate in a creature to whom God had giveth sight, and the power to receive them from external objects. † For Kant, the recognition/knowledge of a color would require, first, that the eye experience what color happens to be. Thus, claims regarding color fall within the realm of a posteriori knowledge. In addition, the perception of color and the conception/idea of color are limited to the mode of experience one can have for color. One cannot hear, taste, or feel the color green, which, a priori, would require the mind to be further equipped with the innate condition/information of predetermining how to file color when it is sensed. In other words, the brain must already know that the concept ‘green’, if it is innate, is a concept pertaining strictly to sight. However, these are not the claims for which Locke is contesting for the proof that innate principles do not exist. More controversially, and, I believe, in opposition to Kant’s transcendental idealism, are the claims that ‘whatsoever is, is’ and ‘it is impossible for the same thing to be and not be’ cannot be shown to be necessarily true based on innate principles. It is in this claim that we find evidence for epistemological realism in Locke’s philosophy; for if it was to be true that ‘whatsoever is, is’ for Locke, then the claim must correspond necessarily to the way the world is through experience. In other words, it must be a fact that ‘whatsoever is, is’ as a result of experiencing the ‘whatsoever’. This being the case, Locke goes on to detail the [5]â€Å"the steps by which the mind attains several truths. † Like Kant, Locke claims that it is through sensory perception that the mind is imprinted with particular ideas. Unlike Kant, however, Locke claims that it is â€Å"by degrees† does there become a habitual familiarity which accompanies these ideas to be stored in the memory. The scene is analogous to what we assume to be the learning pattern of a baby; that through the incremental addition of experiences and seeing particular relations exposed in those experiences, the mind is furnished with the materials which become the objects of reflection. This being the case, it would seem that knowledge is perhaps not really knowledge at all, but an imitation of habitual experiences. But as Hume correctly pointed out, there is no certainty in consistency, and reasoning based on such a consistency. This justifies, tentatively, skepticism toward Locke’s claim that certainty can be attained without innate principles. Another criterion for innate principles, according to Locke, is that one must be aware of them as something knowable in order to prove their existence. Locke mentions how clinically insane and infants are unable to articulate what they know and how it is they know it. Locke gives the example of an infant not knowing [6]â€Å"that three and four equal to seven, till he comes to be able to count to seven. † This examination of Locke’s claims puts forth the question of whether or not a person ‘knows’ that three and four equal seven, or if a person is simply countenancing facts from his or her experience which is guided by epistemological realism. From a Kantian perspective, the matter is more about dealing with quantity (three, seven, four), the relationship between concepts (plus, equals), and the knowledge which can arise from predetermined, logical schemata in human cognition (four and four is greater than seven if three and four equal seven). It is not that Kant would assert that a language-less baby unexposed to elementary mathematics can know that three and four equal seven. Further, a baby would also not be able to articulate, even if its mind were furnished with the knowledge that ‘whatsoever is, is’ since a baby simply lacks the language to be able to say so. Inverting Locke’s challenge to see if the claim ‘whatsoever is, is’ can be assented to by babies and the mentally handicapped presents a fundamental problem his argument: the burden of proof is on Locke to provide valid counterfactuals to a baby and/mentally challenged persons. In other words, we should take Locke seriously when he moves beyond a simple imitation of what the world shows him and demonstrate when ‘whatsoever is, is not’ and ‘it is possible for something to be entirely red and entirely green at the same time’. Then Locke must move to show how these claims are grounded in a realist epistemology. This criticism bolsters the Kantian project in that transcendental idealism not only presents the possibility for experience, but also limits experience at the same time. A feature Locke is lacking. Without innate ideas, or some kind of cognitive structure which makes sense of perception, Locke must, in order to remain consistent, assume that there is a possibility that something can be simultaneously all red and all green and that we could perceive it when it does happen. Kant is essentially claiming that if there is an experienced contradiction such as, ‘something is simultaneously all red and all green’, then we can be pretty sure that the source of this confusion lies in our cognitive faculties and not in the world. It is not quite so clear with the Lockean project, however. Lockean realism takes for granted that the mind is representing an accurate portrayal of the world even in the case of a contradiction. This kind of reliance does not provide any kind of certainty or attainment of truths as Locke claims. On the contrary, what we would know is simply a regurgitation of experience thus creating confusion on where the source of a contradiction lies in the case one is presented in experience. In conclusion, when we compare the progress of epistemology as a historically situated study, then we come to see John Locke as an influential philosopher who challenged the rationalist doctrine which denied experience and empirical facts as integral to what we count as knowledge. It is that very project, however, that led John Locke and epistemological realism down a path of incoherency when both promised certainty through observation without grounding any source for that certainty. For its faults, which are not mentioned here, Kantian transcendentalism has been shown to be a more tenable answer to the idealism/realism debate as it has been contrasted with John Locke’s realism.

Importance Role of Advertising in Tourism Industry

INTRODUCTION We live in a marketing and media-driven world. Any organization involved in the leisure and tourism business; arts centers, museums, sports clubs and small hotels to the largest theme parks, airlines and cruise companies, is interested in advertising Many companies think that they should cut expenditure on advertising and redirect it into sales promotions, direct mail, public relations and other forms of marketing communications. Advertising is not an expensive but, rather, is a strategic activity which should be regarded as an investment in the product or brand. Reducing advertising spend may yield short-term savings but may well lead to long-term loss of market share. In the late 1970s Adidas cut advertising spend on its sports shoes and found that the brand was not strong enough to maintain market share in the face of new competitors. It has struggled to recover its former position. Advertising must be sustained to maintain a brand’s market presence since people only buy those products they talk about. â€Å"Out of sight is out of mind for the customer† Effective advertising cannot guarantee success, but it certainly increases its chances. Advertising plays an important and limited role within the process of marketing. Advertising has three basic objectives: * To  inform  customers about new products, experiences, services and other information that they need to be know. * To  persuade  customers to purchase a destination or product, to perceive a destination or product differently or change a brand preference (as an example to perhaps change a customer’s preference for a destination or change of accommodation at a destination) or, * To  remind  customers about a destination or product, where it may be purchased or how it may be purchased (booked). Good marketers see their business from the customer’s viewpoint and organize their entire enterprise to develop relationships with the customer based on trust. Marketing is the ability to develop a mix of marketing strategies to influence customers to buy products and services. This mix consists of a set of four decisions: Product decisions, Pricing decisions, Distribution decisions, Promotional decisions. A product may be a tour package, an airline seat, a destination, a hotel, a meal. The product should provide benefits to the customer; the price ensures the product is priced at a level that reflects consumer value. The distribution component ensures access to the product in the right place at the right time in sufficient quantities to meet customer needs. Related essay: Why is Fish Farming of Growing Importance in Pakistan? ADVERTISING: PROMOTION Advertising is only one element of the promotional mix. Advertising is defined and is taken to mean mass communication via newspapers, magazines, radio, television, billboards, the Internet, or direct-to-consumer communication via direct mail. Promotion: can be a short-term activity, but also, when seen at a strategic level, it is mid- and long-term investment aimed at building up a consistent and credible corporate or destination identity. THE IMPORTANCE OF ADVERTISING IN TOURISM: In the tourism and hospitality sectors, where the product is a â€Å"service† promotion is more vital than other industries. The tourism product is â€Å"intangible†, â€Å"inseparable†, â€Å"variable† and â€Å"perishable†. There is nothing tangible for the customer to examine beforehand or to take away afterwards. The service is inseparable from its production. The experience is variable and subject to factors beyond marketer’s control. The product is perishable and cannot be stored for sale. The customer buys a holiday on the basis of symbolic expectations established promotionally through words, pictures, sounds . tc. Tourism experiences are constructed in our imagination through advertising and the media. The tourism product is also a discretionary (optional) product, which will be competing for both the customer’s time and money against essential items of expenditure and other discretionary purchases. These 5 attributes â€Å"i ntangible†, â€Å"inseparable†, â€Å"variable†, â€Å"perishable† and â€Å"discretionary† mean that the skill in tourism and leisure marketing lies in creating the perceived value of the product. HOW ADVERTISING WORKS IN TOURISM AND LEISURE Advertising is a process of communication. Ads should persuade and suggest things that the consumer may not previously have considered and the persuasion process is achieved through ads. Advertising must create immediate and measurable effects. When effective, advertising (communication) moves customers along a way from â€Å"awareness of a product† to â€Å"reinforcing post-purchase satisfaction†. Stage 1: Awareness: Target market to be aware of product. Stage 2: Comprehension: Potential customers to understand its features and benefits. Stage 3: Acceptance: Potential customers must decide that the product can meet their needs. Advertising plays a vital role here. Stage 4: Preference: Advertising must offer for Potential customers a compelling reason to think that the product meets their needs. Stage 5: Purchase: Advertising motivates customers to action or to buy the product. This objective is always linked to sales promotions. Stage 6: Reinforcement: To confirm customers’ choices and create a sense of satisfaction about their actions or purchase. HOW ADVERTISING WORKS? 4 key models are used in planning advertising today: Sales response model: Sales response model is a very simple price-based model. It encourages the purchase of a product purely on the basis of its price. Persuasion model: Persuasion model takes the advertisement as a starting point and if it is effectively compiled, its impact and message should persuade the audience that the product presented is the best one . Brand advantage is secured by highlighting a specific benefit of a product. Brand: product characteristics + added value. Involvement Model: It aims to interest and engage the consumer. Once the interest is there, a relationship is created with the audience, to feel good about the product. The next step is the commitment to the product, resulting in increased sales. Saliency model: It depends on innovative brand, product- awareness. It moves the audience emotionally closer to the brand product. It generates a feeling of â€Å"that product is for me†. INTERNATIONAL TOURISM ADVERTISING International tourism advertising  is  tourism-related marketing on the part of a private or public entity directed towards audiences abroad, and might target potential travelers and non-travelers alike. Wholly private firms such as travel agencies, hotel chains, cruise agencies,  non-governmental organizations. When planning tourism advertising it is essential to consider customer buying patterns when planning a holiday (even tourism industry staff). These are the usual steps for most people. STEP 1: Type of holiday Usually the first question is  Ã¢â‚¬Å"what type of holiday do we want? †Ã‚  This may be a seaside holiday, a touring by car holiday, perhaps a fishing trip, a restful quiet break in a mountain retreat, a houseboat holiday or one of many other options. STEP 2: Location â€Å"Where is the best place for our chosen type of holiday?   Will it be within the same state, interstate, perhaps New Zealand? † STEP 3: Other activities â€Å"What else will we do while there? † What other attractions or activities  are available to enjoy? Other activities of appeal may be bushwalking, visiting wineries, playing golf, water skiing, river cruises, shopping, etc†Ã‚   While there may be a main reason for visiting a destination, usually customers want to know about other features. STEP 4: Accommodation â€Å"Where shall we stay? †Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What options are there in type, standard and tariff? † STEP 5: Dates and travel method â€Å"When do we want to travel? †Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"How will we travel? † STEP 6: Bookings  Ã¢â‚¬Å"How do we make bookings? † â€Å"Do we need to book in advance? †Booking is also a major concern. Assistance with information: When formulating travel plans, frequently customers need information to assist with their decisions. The most popular sources of information are: * Visitor Information Centres (reached by phone, e-mail or writing) * Internet, websites are very popular with both Australian customers, particularly in capital cities, and overseas visitors Destination brochures * Travel agents (particularly for some destinations reached by air services or cruises) * Automobile clubs (for touring customers) * Friends and relatives who have previously visited the intended holiday destination. It is important to note that selection of the destination is a significant part of the process of planning leisure travel. If customers know little about the destination, it is not likely to be high on their list of preferred places to visit. The various steps above need to be kept in mind when designing tourism advertising. As the global travel market continues to expand with yearly increasing flights among international destinations, advertising efforts on the part of the major actors in this market are also increasing. Advertising  campaigns to promote travel to destinations abroad are particularly prevalent in western countries where the general public's expenditures on tourism tend to be consistently high, even in light of the  economic recession. Many advertisers, which include both private entities and foreign governments themselves, share the intended goal of increasing their own revenue by popularizing their service (e. . , airline or hotel chain) or destination to boost receipts from travelers; however, some travel campaigns have additional or alternative purposes, such as promoting good public sentiments or improving existing ones towards them among the target audience. Sometimes, states may use the branding of a product or service, itself, as a means of conveying a specific message withou t explicitly stating the message; this tactic is often used to soften the implied message itself, thus allowing the brander to sidestep or minimize controversy and/or opposition. DESTINATION ADVERTISING A great degree of ads promoting foreign countries are produced and distributed by the tourism ministries of those countries, so these ads often serve as  vehicles for political statements and/or depictions  of the destination country's desired foreign public Perceptions. Following are only a few of the many examples of government-produced tourism destination advertising that also serve political or social functions. BAHAMAS: The Bahamas are commonly considered to be a focal point of leisure and recreational travel in the Caribbean and the island nation advertises itself as such. Television ads and website produced by the government of the Bahamas specifically foster the image of the islands providing a care-free, exciting, culturally rich, and even romantic experience for travelers; a recent slogan for the marketing campaign was â€Å"It's better in the Bahamas† to reinforce the contrast between the desired perception as a low-stress getaway and the hectic nature of whatever living environment tourists would be leaving behind. The Bahamas have, however, actually traditionally seen high violent crime rates,  so the tourism marketing attempts to focus the audience's attention on the azure water and beaches and draw it away from any negative elements of life there. Managing perceptions  is a common part of advertising of many consumer products and services, focusing the audience's mind solely on the desirable aspects of whatever is being sold and away from any possible drawbacks or consequences. INDIA The common impression of  India  in the West has long been either negative—including perceptions of widespread poverty, lack of sophisticated hygiene, and violent ethnic and religious clashes—or ambivalent, so the Indian government's Ministry of Tourism began a marketing campaign, â€Å"Incredible  India,† to emphasize the country's rich culture, historic sites, tourist attractions, and general sense of excitement and dynamism to western audiences. Tourism is an extremely lucrative and growing global industry so it is no surprise that India, a developing nation, is striving to capitalize on that market to boost its economy. In addition, India is also looking to strengthen its international security and diplomatic ties while broadening and deepening its trade relationships, especially with the U. S ,  so it is in India's interest to promote a positive light for itself among the American and western voting populations in order to garner future international support and aid. MEXICO Recently in 2010 the Tourism Board of  Mexico, a public office that aggregates the resources and interests of the federal, state, and municipal governments, launched a tourism advertising campaign in the  United States  and  Canada—the new campaign's purpose is expressly demonstrated by its marketing slogan, â€Å"Mexico, the place you thought you knew. † The print and television ads feature views of Mexico's beaches, natural wonders, cultural festivities, and historical artifacts like Mayan pyramids and Spanish churches in order to provide a counterbalance to the less preferable popular preconceptions. The eventual goal of tourism board is likely to increase tourism revenue for the country, but, for now, the Tourism Board is focusing on  managing perceptions  among the general populations of Mexico's two major neighboring trade partners. MALAYSIA In 1999, Malaysia launched a worldwide marketing campaign called â€Å"Malaysia, Truly Asia† which was largely successful in bringing in over 7. 4 million tourists. The extra revenue recently generated by tourism helped the country’s economy during the economic crisis of 2008. However, it is mainly Malaysia’s heavy government Regulations of the economy which enabled it to be barely affected by the recent 2008 global economic crisis. In recent years tourism has been threatened by the negative effects of the growing industrial economy. Due to the large amounts of air and water pollution along with deforestation, tourism has decreased in affected areas. EMIRATES Through advertising for the Emirates airline, one of the major themes that Dubai promotes is its evolving status as a key geographic and economic player in the Middle East. Emirates advertising describe Dubai as â€Å"The perfect hub for an expanding global network† THAILAND Tourism is a major economic factor in the Kingdom of Thailand, contributing an estimated 6. 7% to Thailand's GDP in 2007. The main marketing slogan for promoting Thailand internationally was â€Å"Amazing Thailand†, but, in reaction to the 2009 tourism crisis, it was relaunched as â€Å"Amazing Thailand, Amazing Value â€Å". By contrast, the main marketing slogan for promoting Thai tourism to the Thai is Unseen in Thailand. ABOUT TOURISM INDUSTRY Tourism is the largest service industry in  India  . It contributes 6. 23% to the  national GDP. According to  World Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011  ranked tourism in India sixth in terms of price competitiveness and 39th in terms of safety and security In 2011, total Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTA) in India were 5. 78 million. The majority of foreign tourists come to India from USA and UK, Kerala,  Tamil Nadu,  Delhi,  Uttar Pradesh  and  Rajasthan are the top five states to receive inbound tourists. Domestic tourism in 2011 was 740 million. Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra received the big share of domestic visitors. Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency . It formulates national policies and programmes for the development and promotion of tourism. Concerted efforts are being made by them to promote new forms of tourism such as rural, cruise, medical and eco-tourism. The Ministry of Tourism also maintains the Incredible India  campaign. However inspite of these achievements, India's tourism industry faces a number of problems such as: * India has a worker shortage. * Insufficient accommodation * Unclean rooms effect tourism adversely. * Food problems concern the foreign tourists. * Many places in the interior of the country are not well-connected by proper roads, railways or airways. * Excessive bureaucracy also delays new hotel and transportation projects, Tourists are often exploited economically * Criminal elements in India can make visits to India unsafe for women and elderly tourists. The tourist attractions in India are also being damaged by pollution. Oil refinery smoke is damaging the TajMahal, while ecosystems of the coasts, Rann of Kutch and the Himalayas are being battered by pollution. Areas Where Problems are Acute * Tourism problems are more common in the rural interior of the country. Orrisa is one of such places where problems are more. * These areas are rich in natural beauty, but they often lack basic infrastructure and accommodations for tourists. Often these regions are highly agrarian. The Government is often unable to secure enough land for developing tourism infrastructure, because it adversely affects local farmers. EFFECT OF TOURISM PROBLEMS IN INDIA * Tourism problems have contributed to India's low share of 1 percent of the world's total tourist arrival percentage. * It also leads to concentration of tourist attention to certain parts of the country. For example, the transport and communication industries of Delhi, Jaipur, Agra in northern India and Bhubaneswar, Konark, Puri in Orissa are preferred over other equally attractive Indian destinations. These problems also shorten the tourist season in India, which in turn leads to unemployment in off-seasons Future of Tourism * Despite all the problems with tourism in India, the industry has a bright future. * Tourist arrivals in 2012 are expected to rise 22 percent * Foreign exchange earnings from this industry are predicted to rise 33 percent above 2004 earnings. * The positive expectations have been based on the current growth rate of the industry which is being attributed to the fast-growing Indian economy for the past three to four years. Despite short- and medium-term setbacks, such as shortage of hotel rooms,  tourism revenues are expected to surge by 42% from 2007 to 2017 * India's rich history and its cultural and geographical diversity make its international tourism appeal large and diverse. It presents heritage and cultural tourism along with medical, business and sports tourism. TOURISM IN VARIOUS STATES OF INDIA ANDHRA PRADESH The state of Andhra Pradesh has scenic hills, forests, beaches and temples. It is one of the most developed cities in the country and a modern hub of information technology, ITES, and biotechnology. Hyderabad is known for its rich history, culture and architecture representing Its unique character as a meeting point for North and South India, and has a multilingual culture. It is called as city of nawabs Andhra Pradesh has many famous temples: * Tirupati -the abode of Lord Venkateswara is the richest and most visited religious center (of any faith) in the world. Srisailam- the abode of Sri Mallikarjuna is one of twelve Jyothirlingalu in India. * Amravati’s Siva temple is one of the Pancharamams. ATTRACTIONS: * Charminar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Center of the Hyderabad Old City. Golkonda  Fort – Largest and 400 years oldest fort. * Makka Masjid– Masjid in Hyderabad City. * Ramoji Film City– Largest Film City in the world situated in Hyderabad City. * The golden beaches at  Visakhapatnam, picturesque Araku Valley, hill resorts of Horsley Hills, are some of the natural attractions of the state. ARUNANCHAL PRADESH Arunachal Pradesh is a serene land tucked into the North Eastern tip of India. ATTRACTIONS: * It has picturesque hills and valley * There are places of worship and piligrimage such as Parasuramkund and 400 years old Tawang Monastery. There are also sites of archeological excavations like Malinithan and Itanagar, the serene beauty of lakes such as Ganga lake or Sela lake or the numerous variations of scenic beauty of the snow clad silver mountain peaks and lush green meadows. ASSAM Assam is the central state in the  North-East Region  of India and serves as the gateway to the rest of the  Seven Sister States. ATTRACTIONS * Assam has famous wildlife preserves – The  Kaziranga National Park, which is home to the  Great Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros. Manas National Park  which is one of the most famous place of Assam * Tezpur, tea-estate. ,bazaars, temples, and wildlife sanctuaries. BIHAR Bihar is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world . The rich culture and heritage of Bihar is evident from the innumerable  ancient  monuments that are dotted all over this  state in  eastern India. ATTRACTIONS: * Patna  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Patna is the capital of Bihar, famous for its rich history and royal architecture. * Gaya  Ã¢â‚¬â€œGaya is known for  Bodh Gaya  the place at which  Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment. Muzaffarpur  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Muzzaffarpur is Famous for its education. * Sasaram  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Sasaram is famous for Tomb of Sher Shah Suri, the great Emperor of  medieval India. CHHATTISGARH Chhattisgarh  is a new state but with an ancient civilization and is one of the richest bio-diversity areas in the country. There are many tourist attractions worth seeing. ATTRACTIONS * The state is blessed by nature with magnificent waterfalls, mountains, forests and wildlife Chitrakot Waterfalls, Kutumsar Caves, Ramgarh and Sita Bengra,  Bhoramdeo temple,  Sirpur,  Rajim,  Ratanpur  and  Malhar. DELHI Delhi  is the capital city of India. New Delhi  is famous for its British colonial architecture, wide roads, and tree-lined boulevards. Delhi is home to numerous political landmarks. ATTRACTIONS * It currently has many renowned historic monuments and landmarks such as the  Tughlaqabad fort,Qutub Minar,  Purana Quila,  Lodhi Gardens,  Jama Masjid,  Humayun's tomb,  Red Fort, and  Safdarjung's Tomb. * Modern monuments include  Jantar Mantar,  India Gate,  Rashtrapati Bhavan,  Laxminarayan Temple,  Lotus temple  and  Akshardham Temple * It also has national museums, Islamic shrines, Hindu temples, green parks, and trendy malls. GOA Goa  is one of the most famous  tourist destinations  in India. It is a former colony of  Portugal. ATTRACTIONS * Goa is famous for its excellent beaches, Portuguese churches, Hindu temples, and wildlife sanctuaries. * The  Basilica of Bom Jesus,  Mangueshi Temple,  Dudhsagar Falls and  Shantadurga  are famous attractions in Goa. * Recently a Wax Museum (Wax World) has also opened in Old Goa housing a number of wax personalities of Indian history, culture and heritage. GUJARAT Gujarat is the seventh largest state in  India, located in the western part of India. It is the tenth most popular state in the country for tourists . It is also known asWorld's largest Temple Complex, there are more than 3000 temples located on the Shatrungaya hills, exquisitely carved in marble. ATTRACTIONS * Gujarat offers scenic beauty from  Great Rann of Kutch  to the hills of Saputara. * Gujarat is the sole home of the pure  Asiatic Lions. * Gujarat offers many types of tourism like Business Tourism, archeological & heritage Tourism, cultural Tourism, religious Tourism, wildlife Tourism, medical Tourism and much more. HARYANA Capital of Haryana is Chandigarh ,which is a union territory. Haryana Pilgrim Destinations offers the devotes with a wide range of sacred places which are of considerable religious and historical significance. The pilgrim places of Haryana are thronged by devotees all over the year, who visit the important religious places in order to seek divine blessings and eternal happiness. The state of Haryana has a long historical and cultural tradition which is manifested in the numerous religious places which fills the tourist with an intense sense of satisfaction. Some of the notable â€Å"Pilgrim Destinations† of Haryana are: ATTRACTIONS * Kurukshetra- The historical place of â€Å"Kurukshetra† is the cradle of Hindu civilization. The fierce battle field of the holy land of â€Å"Kurukhshetra† is a witness to the discourse between the mighty and valiant ruler â€Å"Arjuna† and his divine charioteer â€Å"Lord Krishna. * Jyotisar- The ancient place of â€Å"Jyotisar† is the nurturing ground of the values and principles that guide the oldest religion of the world, the â€Å"Hindu† religion. The significance of the place lies in the fact that the holy religious text of the â€Å"Hindus†, the â€Å"Bhagwad Gita† was complied in this sacred place * Thanesar- The sacred place of â€Å"Thanesar† has two important religious temples of the Sthanesvar Mahadev Temple and the â€Å"Ma Bhadra Kali Temple that draws several devotees throughout the year * Pehowa- The holy land of â€Å"Pehowa† is an important religious place among the Hindus, who pray to the deceased member of their family and offer â€Å"Pind Daan† o release them from the cycle of birth and re-birth * Panchkula- The beautiful place of Panchkula offers the tourist with numerous places of religious and historical importance, including â€Å"Morni hills† and â€Å"Tikkar Taal†. HIMACHAL PRADESH ATTRACTIONS * Himachal Pradesh  is famous for its  Himalayan  landscapes and popular  hill-stations. Many outdoor activities such as  rock climbing,  mountain biking, paragliding,  ice-skating, and  helicopter-skiing  are popular tourist attractions in Himachal Pradesh. * Shimla, the state capital, is very popular among tourists.. Shimla is also a famous  skiing  attraction in India. Other popular hill stations include  Manali  and  Kasauli. * Dharamshala, home of the  Dalai Lama, is known for its Tibetan monasteries and Buddhist temples. Many  trekkingexpeditions also begin here. JAMMU AND KASHMIR Jammu & Kashmir  is known for its scenic landscape . Jammu and Kashmir  is the northernmost state of India. It is also called as â€Å"Paradise on Earth†. ATTRACTIONS * Jammu  is noted for its scenic landscape, ancient temples and mosques, Hindu and Muslim shrines, castles, gardens and forts. * The Hindu holy shrines of Amarnath in  Kashmir Valley  attracts about   Vaishno Devi  also attract thousands of Hindu devotees every year. Notable places are  Dal Lake,  Srinagar, Phalagam, Gulmarg, Yeusmarg and Mughal Gardens etc. * Ladakh  has emerged as a major hub for adventure tourism . It consistsof naked peaks and deep gorges. Leh, the capital, is also a growing tourist spot. KARNATAKA Karnataka has been ranked as fifth most popular destination for tourism among states of India. It has the second highest number of protected monuments in India, and 507 Kannada  dynastieslike  Kadambas,  WesternGangas,  Chalukyas,  Rashtrakutas,  HoysalaVijayanagaras  and the  Kingdom of Mysore. ATTRACTIONS * Gol Gumbaz,  Bijapur, has the second largest pre-modern dome in the world fter the Byzantine  HagiaSophia. Karnataka  has two   world heritage sites, at  Hampi and  Pattadakal. * Jog falls of  Shimoga District is one of the highest waterfalls in Asia. * Karnataka has 21 wildlife sanctuaries and five National parks and is home to more than 500 species of birds. * Karnataka has many beaches at  Karwar,  Gokarna,  Murdeshwara,  and Surathkal. Karnataka is a rock climber’s paradise. * Fort in Chitradurga, Ramnagaram district near  Bangalore, Shivagangein in  Tumkur  district and tekal in  Kolar  district are a rock climber’s heaven. KERALA Kerala  is a state on the tropical  Malabar Coast  of southwestern India. Its unique culture and traditions, coupled with its varied demography, has made it one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. it is also called Gods own country†. ATTRACTIONS * Popular attractions in the state include the beaches at  Kovalam,  Kappad, Muzhuppilangad, Cherai and Varkala. * The hill stations of  Munnar,Thekkady, Nelliampathi, Ponmudi and  Wayanad. * The National Parks/ Wildlife sanctuaries at Periyar and Eravikulam . * The â€Å"backwaters region†Ã¢â‚¬â€an extensive network of interlocking rivers, lakes, and canals that centre on  Alleppey, Kumarakom, and Punnamada also see heavy tourist traffic. Cities such as  Kochi,  Thrissur,  Kozhikode  and  Trivandrum  are popular centres for shopping and traditional theatrical performances. MADHYA PRADESH Madhya Pradesh  is called the â€Å"Heart of India† because of its location in the centre of the country. Madhya Pradesh is also known as  Tiger State  because of the tiger population. ATTRACTIONS * Innumerable monuments, exquisitely carved temples, stupas, forts and palaces are dotted all over the state. * The temples of  Khajuraho  are wor ld-famous for their erotic sculptures. * Gwalior  is famous for its fort, Jai Vilas Palace, the Tomb of Rani Lakshmibai, Md. Ghaus & Tansen. * National parks like Kanha, Bandhavgadh, Shivpuri are famous for tigers. MAHARASHTRA Maharashtra is the most visited state in India by foreign tourists. Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra which was earlier called Bombay. Mumbai  is the most popular cosmopolitan city in India, and a great place to experience modern India. Mumbai is famous for  Bollywood, the world's largest film industry. In addition, Mumbai is famous for its clubs, shopping, and upscale gastronomy. ATTRACTIONS * Ajanta Caves,  Ellora Caves  and ancient  Elephanta Caves  Ã‚  are  in  Maharashtra  . Islamic  Haji Ali  Mosque, to the colonial architecture ofBombay High Courtand  Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminusallare in Maharashtra . * It also has numerous adventure tourism destinations, including  paragliding,  rock climbing,  canoeing,  kayaking,  snorkeling, andscuba diving. * Maharashtra also has several pristine national parks and reserves, some of the best ones are Tadoba with excellent accommodation and safari experiences . * The city of  Pune  the seat of the  Maratha Empire  and the fantastic  Ganesh Chaturthi  celebrations together contribute for the Tourism sector of Maharashtra. MANIPUR Manipur  as the name suggest is a land of jewels. Its rich culture excels in every aspects as in martial arts, dance, theater and sculpture. The charm of the place is the greenery with the moderate climate making it a tourists' favourite place. ATTRACTIONS * The beautiful and seasonal Shirui Lily at Ukhrul (district), Sangai (brow antlered deer) and the floating islands at  Loktak Lakeare few of the rare things found in Manipur. * Othermain tourist attractions are:Imphal Churachandpur Keibul Lamjao National Park,War cemeteries and Loktak Lake. MEGHALAYA Meghalaya has some of the thickest surviving forests in the country. Therefore constitutes one of the most important ecotourism circuits in the country today. The Meghalayan subtropical forests support a vast variety of flora and fauna. Shilling is the capital of Meghalaya. ATTRACTIONS * The  Umiam Lake has a water sports complex with facilities such as rowboats, paddleboats, sailing boats, cruise-boats, water-scooters and speedboats. * Cherrapunjee  is one of the most popular tourist . * The popular waterfalls in the state are the Elephant Falls, Shadthum Falls, Weinia falls, Bishop Falls, Nohkalikai Falls,  Langshiang Falls  and Sweet Falls. The hot springs at Jakrem near Mawsynram are believed to have curative and medicinal properties. ORISSA Orissa has been a preferred destination from ancient days for people who have an interest in spirituality, religion, culture, art and natural beauty. Ancient and medieval architecture, pristine sea beaches, the classical and ethnic dance forms and a variety of festivals at  Udayagiri. ATTRACTIONS * Khandagiri Caves, Lalitagiri as well as Ratnagiri, on the banks of river Birupa are very famous. Precious fragments of a glorious past come alive in the shape of stupas, rock-cut caves, rock-edicts, excavate d monasteries,  viharas, chaityas and sacred relics in caskets and the Rock-edicts of  Ashoka. * Orissa is also famous for its well-preserved Hindu Temples, especially theJagnath Temple at Puri,  Konark Sun Temple  and  The Leaning Temple of Huma. WEST BENGAL Kolkata is the capital of  West Bengal  . It is called â€Å"City of Palaces† and the â€Å"City of Joy†. This comes from the numerous palatial mansions built all over the city. It is famous for sarees and sweets and leather bags and shoes. ATTRACTIONS It is famous for howrah bridge which is very uniquely constructed * Metro train and planetariums are other tourist attractions PONDICHERRY The  Union Territoryof  Pondicherrycomprises four coastal regions viz- Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam. Pondicherry is the Capital of this Union Territory and one of the most popular tourist destinations in  South India. ATTRACTIONS * The city has many beautiful colonial buildings, churches, temples. * It has statues, combined with the systematic town planning and the well planned French style avenues. PUNJAB The state of Punjab is renowned for its cuisine, culture and history. Punjab has a vast public transportation and communication network. Chandigarh is the capital of panjab. Some of the main cities in Punjab are  Amritsar,Chandigarh, Patiala and  Ludhiana. Punjab also has a rich  Sikh religious  history and tourists visiting on a daily basis. ATTRACTIONS * Amritsar is a big tourist spot, a lot of five star hotels are there . it is famous for Wagha border which is border of India and Pakistan and Jallianwalla Bagh Hatiyakand. * Chandigarh has famous lake sukna lake,rose garden,rock garden where monuments are made of waste article RAJASTHAN Rajasthan known as pink city of india , is one of the most attractive tourist destinations in  Northern India. The vast sand dunes of the  Thar Desertattract millions of tourists from around the globe every year. ATTRACTIONS: * Jaipur– The capital of Rajasthan, famous for its rich history and royal architecture. * Jodhpur  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Jodhpur is the Fortress-city at the edge of the  Thar Desert, famous for its blue homes and architecture. * Udaipur  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Udaipur is known as the â€Å"Venice† of India. * Jaisalmer  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Jaisalmer is famous for its golden fortress. * Bikaner  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Bikaner is famous for its medieval history as a trade route outpost. Mount Abu  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Mount Abu is the highest peak in the  Aravalli Range  of  Rajasthan. * Pushkar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Pushkar has one of the very fast Brahma temples in the world. * Ranthambore  Ã¢â‚¬â€œIt has one of the largest national parks in India. SIKKIM The capital of Sikkim is  Gangtok, it is located approximately 105 kilometers from  New Jalpaiguri, the nearest railway station to Sikkim. Sikkim is considered as the land of orchids, mystic cultures and colorful traditions. ATTRACTIONS * Sikkim is well known among trekkers and adventure lovers. * Places near Sikkim include  Darjeeling  also known as the â€Å"Queen of Hills† and  Kalimpong. Although, an airport is under construction at Dekiling in East Sikkim, the nearest airport to Sikkim is Bagdogra which is famous for imported items at cheap price. * The popular sightseeing places include Baba Mandir, Nathula Pass, Rumtek Monastery, Handicraft Shops and Tsangpo Lake. TAMIL NADU Tamil Nadu is the top state in attracting the maximum number of foreign tourists in India it is famous for many temples and other tourist spots. It is also known for medical tourism and has some of Asia's largest hospital. ATTRACTIONS * It has Great Living Chola Temples  and  Mahabalipuram. Tamil Nadu has some great temples like  Madurai,Meenakshi ,Amman Temple and  Brihadeeswarar Temple. * Kanyakumari  is the southernmost tip of India provides scenic view of sunset and sunshine over the Indian ocean.. Hill stations like  Ã‚  Kodaikanal,  Ooty,  Valparai,  Yelagiri  are widely visited. UTTAR PRADESH It is Situated in the northern part of India, bordered with the capital of India  ,New Delhi. Uttar Pradesh  is the most popular tourist destination in India. Uttar Pradesh is important with its wealth of historical monuments and religious fervour. Uttar Pradesh  is the historical heart land of India, where each part of the state is attached with ancient history, civilization, religions and culture. ATTRACTIONS * Varanasi- It is the origin of Hinduism and world's one of the oldest cities. It is also known as City of Temples . It is Most popular holy place of lord  Shiva  devotees. Some of the finest  Textiles  are produced here. * Agra  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Taj Mahal  and several others historical monuments and gardens. * Allahabad  or  Prayag  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ It is the place where Indian national rivers,  Ganges  ,  Yamuna  and  Saraswati rivers meet. A mass Hindu pilgrimage n which  Hindus  gather at the Ganges river. Akbar  forts. One of the most popular religious center of ancient and modern India for Hinduism. UttarPradeshs administrative and education capital. * Kanpur  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚   It is Uttar Pradeshs commercial and Industrial hub. Has several historical places from  Mughal,  British  era. * Mathura- It is the birth place of Lord  Krishna  of  Hinduism  and  Neminath of  Jainism. * Ayodhya- It is the birth place of Lord  Rama  of   Hinduism. * Jhansi-It is a historical place. This city was centre of Rani  Lakshmibai's battlefield against  British. * Sarnath-Gautama Buddha first taught the  Dharma here. The eleventh Jain Tirthankar of the  Jainism. * Noida  and  Greater Noida- These are the IT,  Electronics  and education hub of  Northern India. India's biggest city with planned and high teck residential area. * Gorakhpur –is famous for  Jim Corbett National Park  and Nainital. PART B ABOUT THE SUBJECT TOURISM Tourism  is  travelfor  recreational,  leisure  or  business  purposes. The  WorldTourism Organization  defines  tourists  as people â€Å"traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes†. Tourism is the fastest growing, industry in the world. It is also one of the world’s most competitive sectors. The completion is increasing as more and more countries seek to attract tourist and more companies and organization become involved in the highly skilled business of transporting, accommodating and catering for tourists. Tourism needs to be marketed, just as any other product, indeed more so, because it is an industry in which the costumer still has an immense variety of choice. There are a number of destinations competing with each other to get a bigger and bigger share of the market. As applied to the tourism industry, the important functions of marketing are to bring about an awareness of the product in the minds of the consumers in the market areas. This is done by way of promotion. TOURISM PROMOTION Tourism promotion is one of the elements of the marketing mix and an important tool for marketing. The term promotion is interpreted and defined in many ways. Basically, the purpose of promotion is to inform. Or persuade, to encourage or, more specially, to influence the potential customers or trade intermediaries (travel agent, tour operators, reservation, services, hotel and charter manner). Like in any other industry, successful marketing in tourism cannot rely only on a product of the right kind, on a market related pricing policy and on a reliable and effective distribution network, systematic communications with actual and potential customers and with the trade intermediaries bridging the gap between producer on the one hand and the customer on the other is also needed. The consumer must be aware of the existence of a tourist place of a tourist product. How is the awareness to be brought about in minds of the consumers in the market areas? Some of the easily identifiable methods are advertising, sales support and public relations. These are the three major marketing tools which any organization uses to information actual as well as a potential customer. Advertising plays an important and limited role within the process of marketing. Good marketers see their business from the customers view point and organize their entire enterprises to develop relationships with the customer based on trust. ADVERTISEMENT Advertisement may be defined as any activity designed to spread information with a view to promoting the sales of marketable goods and services. It plays a crucial role in marketing a tourist product. The tourism ministry has also played an important role in the development of the industry, initiating advertising campaign such as the â€Å"Incredible India† campaign, which promoted India’s culture and tourists’s attractions in a fresh and memorable way. The campaign helped to create a colorful image of India in the minds of consumers all over the world, and has directly led to an increase in the interest among tourists. The prime purpose of advertising is to create awareness. The ultimate purpose of advertising and promotion is to influence human behavior, to motivate and to manipulate demand. Advertising has been added importance where it is used in a supportive role to complement other campaign elements, such as promotional print, tactical price cuts, and sales promotion are often required to make a prospective customer aware of the existence of the other campaign elements. The two most important considerations in effective advertising are the medium which provide the reach, and the message, which provides the communication . n travel and tourism, the special role of sales literature, which is partly sales promotion and partly distribution, must also be included in marketing communication. While the choice of promotional techniques are important to motivate and move consumers they will not bear results if facilitation techniques have not been employed to market easy for motivated people to achieve purchases. Advertising enables you to promote a specific message to a wide audience but unlike pr it’s not free! It can be an extremely expensive promotional tool which is notoriously difficult to evaluate. Advertising is good for creating and building ‘awareness’ but this is not necessarily the same as the building scales. There are few organizations that can’t benefit in some way from advertising campaign, but to avoid wasted efforts and expense, it must be even more carefully planned than any other promotional activity. Advertising usually has either tactical or strategic objectives. Strategic advertising is concerned with creating awareness of markets, and of products, of developing an organization s identity and image. Strategic advertising takes a longer term view. Tactical advertising is aimed at specific market segments, and persuading them to go to a particular place or buy a certain service, sometimes at a particular time. Tactical advertising takes a more shot to medium term view. SELECTION OF MEDIA How much ever you plan your advertising in advance, there will always be occasions when an advertising sales person telephones you with a special offer. Some of these might be genuine. Most are not. ou should do your best to resist there will be another opportunity and your advertising will be much more effective if it is proactive and planned rather than reliant on those last minute special offers , especially if they are for new publications which no which no one has heard of and which disappear almost instantly. The selection of appropriate media is usually based on three criteria: 1. Cost of space- in the print media on time radio, TV and cinema screen. Cost is obviously very important and is expressed in terms of cost per thousand contacts. Whilst being a useful yardstick it only provides an estimate of potential readers or people who may see an advertisement. Usually a larger the circulation the lower is the cost per thousand. 2. Suitability – if graphics colour or movement is required the medium must be suitable. 3. Appropriateness – the chosen medium must be appropriate for the product or service being promoted and clearly targeted. Before booking any soace or time, telephone the advertising departments of the media you are interested in and ask for a copy of their media pack. This outlines the various advertising opportunities, costs, and profile of readers, viewers or listeners, as well as giving technical data for the publication or programme. For most organizations their budgetary restrictions will limit their choice to advertising in publications rather than on television or radio. Television has been proven as an excellent and very persuasive medium but is expensive. Not only is the cost of time slots costly but also the production of good advertisements. If you have sufficient budget for television advertising you should use an advertising agency to help you buy the time as well as produce an effective advertisement. Radio advertising is cheaper than television and can be useful for events and tourism products which are easy to buy such as well known attractions . radio advertising is less effective for products and services which need detailed explanations. The choice of publications in which to advertise is vast. In addition to local and national press, there are also special interest magazines and tourist board guides . f you run any special interest holidays ,these magazines are very useful. When you have obtained media packs and information about relevant publications, use the following criteria to draw up a short list. Profile of readership Do the readers correspond to your target markets? The readership profile should detail readers in terms of age and socio –economic profile, as well as giving further details about hob bies and interests, and any research about holiday-taking habits. Tourism products are a major source of revenue for many publications so they will usually have more detailed information available if you ask for it. Readership Most publications will give their circulation and readership figures. The readership figures are more interesting because these show the actual number of people who will see and read publication, not just buy it. For some publications will give their circulation and readership figures are more interesting because these show the actual number of people who will see and read the publication, not just buy it. For some publications there will be a big difference between the circulation and readership figures. Some of the more up market monthly magazines have relatively low circulation figures but a long shelf life and high readership figures-particularly when they are the types of publication you see in doctors and dentists surgeries! When considering readership figures, look also at the distribution method for the publication. Is it one which people really demand, by buying it at a newsagents or requesting it from a tourist information centre? Or one which arrives un -requested through the letterbox? Publication date We will need to plan ahead and choose publications whose copy dates you can meet. Even more important are publication dates. If most people plan and book their holiday with you in November, there is little point advertising in a publication which appears in may, unless it is tactical advertising and you are looking for top-up business. The media pack will probably include details of forthcoming features which might be relevant to you. Sometimes it is a good idea to advertise within a relevant feature but remember that competitors will probably be doing the same. It can be useful to stand alone and make a bigger impact at anothertime, if the timing is right for you. Advertising rates The deciding factor will inevitably be whether or not you can afford to advertise in your chosen publications and if it is cost-effective . set your budget in advance and stick to it. You might decide to place your advertising through an agency which shouldn’t actually cost you anything because they will take a commission from the the publications, and May already have special rates. When placing advertisements always ask if there’s any chance of editorial coverage and the name of the person you should contact. Evaluating advertising campaigns They’ll never find out which half of your advertising budget was a good investment unless you monitor it. keep a record of the media in which you advertised, when and the cost . make sure that all staff are aware of the need to monitor advertising expenditure and ask them to make a point of asking people who book with you where they heard about you, and to make a note of this. You can also monitor which publications work for you by using different types of advertisement, such as specific packages or codes when people are asked to complete tear –off vouchers for further information. Monitoring advertising campaigns is more difficult for destinations and attractions where people simply turn up. Where-ever possible you should conduct brief visitor surveys (using students on work placements is an easy way of doing this) questioning representative group or people at difficult times of the year. you will be able to increase the effectiveness of any advertising if it is carefully thought through and planned in advance . advertising should also be integrated into the marketing plan so activities can be dovetailed . you will raise more awareness of your product. Advertising on outdoor and non-print media. The past 20 years have seen dramatic shifts in advertising, as TV press and radio have become increasingly fragmented and diverse as audience media consumption continually changes. This means that the marketer has much more choices in which advertising medium to choose from and if you know the media, or in this case, travelling habits of your target market, should make reaching them a lot easier than merely hoping they will be watching an episode of Coronation Street on a Wednesday night. If you are in the market to buy media space ,things have been sewn up by Viacom outdoor, who sell space on behalf of transport for london,including buses,london underground ,docklands light railway, and the major train ,tram and coach networks . nice and easy! Rail advertising Rail advertising offers opportunities to reach a broad audience, from daily business commuters to leisure traveler’s . rail sites offer the benefit of longer dwell-time, allowing more detailed copy, and aiding brand recall. There is a wide selection of sites across several major rail networks throughout the uk,including central trains(across the midlands and beyond),chiltern railways(commuter connection from London Marylebone to Birmingham),gner(east coast mainline s service between london king,s cross and Scotland )and merseyrail(key commuter network in the north west). This can work well for local advertisers to complement existing mixed media ,or as part of a Uk –wide rail campaign . There is a wide range of campaign options and associations costs, but to give an example of a four week campaign the following costs. Could apply. Below are some examples of the main media options available; Tube car panels Tube car panels can be found inside the carriages and benefit from a captive audience for an average of 13 minutes every journey. Escalator and stair panels. They are situated in a range of locations across the networks and are available to buy as part of general distribution packs, line by line and in special packs. DO’S AND DON’TS OF ADVERTISING 1. DO HAVE A PLAN: No matter how small or how large is the tourism destination or tourism business, there needs to be an annual marketing plan, even a simple one. It does not need to be complex but the plan will provide direction and help make better decisions about advertising opportunities as they arise. 2. DO HAVE A BUDGET: Many advertising opportunities look too good to miss – but are they? If there is a set budget for marketing for the year, this imposes self-discipline on how funds are allocated. Advertisements should be within budget to avoid problems related to financing of advertisements. 3. DO HAVE A BUSINESS OBJECTIVE: There should be a business objective. Some suggested business objectives could be: * To stimulate demand in a shoulder period. These advertisements may have a retail approach using packages to attract customers * TO promote a new feature like an attraction, extending trading hours, a motel adding a dining room or a houseboat operator adding new houseboats to the fleet * To compete against new competition by reminding customers that they will still be welcome 4. DO HAVE A CLEAR REASON FOR ANY ADVERTISEMENT: The days have gone when advertisements can be scheduled without a clear business reason. What the advertisement is designed to achieve should be stated up front so that evaluation is easier. 5. DO RECOGNISE THE IMPORTANCE OF DESTINATION MARKETING: Every tourism business needs to be cognisant of the importance of destination marketing. If the customers do not visit your destination and go somewhere else, no tourism business or any other business will earn any revenue from visitors. 6. DO CONSIDER CAREFULLY THE FORMATOF ADVERTISEMENT: Many regional tourism businesses spend money on advertisements that fail to produce results. Often they blame the newspaper, magazine, or other medium which was used. Far too often the advertisement fails because it has a format that does not attract the attention of customers. The â€Å"Advertising formats† section of this paper has further details. DON’TS OF ADVERTISEMENTS DON’T WASTE MONEY ON â€Å"ONE-OFF† ADVERTISEMENTS: Advertising only once in any consumer newspaper, magazine, trade press, radio, TV or any other medium does not usually achieve anything. It takes a series of advertisements to have impact. Tourism businesses that schedule one advertisement should not be surprised when they get no response. DON’T WASTE MONEY ON SMALL ADVERTISEMENTS: Some tourism businesses say that they have a small budget and can only afford a small advertisement in consumer print media. In that instance it is recommended that other marketing techniques be used. Small advertisements usually are not seen by customers and become a waste of money. The exception is classified sections in newspaper regular travel features and automobile club magazines. They are read by prospective customers. DON’T STRUCTURE ADVERTISEMENTS TO PLEASE YOU. DESIGN THEM FOR TOURISTS: When a customer sees any tourism advertising, always at the back of their mind, in some form, is the question, â€Å"what’s in it for me? † If customers cannot see any benefits to enjoy,   the sale (booking or attraction entry) will be lost. DON’T USE PHOTOGRAPHS WHICH APPEAR TO HAVE COME FROM A FAMILY ALBUM: Tourism destinations and tourism businesses sometimes use photos that look as if they have been taken from a family snapshot album. Such photos can be a real â€Å"turn off†. Any tourism destination or tourism product needs to use photographs that impress customers otherwise they may think your destination or product is second rate. If this occurs not only will you have â€Å"saved a few bob† in the expenditure column, but the revenue column will be down too. When choosing a professional photographer to take photos it can help to choose a photographer skilled in tourism photos. As an example a photographer who is good with wedding photos may not have the skills for tourism photos which are quite different. DON’T HAVE BLAND AND UNINTERESTING COPY Unlike other products, tourism is about enjoyment, excitement, adventure, special interest, relaxation and particularly different experiences. Destinations that are more successful have emotive advertising supported by brochures which attract customers with their carefully selected pictures, appealing design and exciting copy. Advertisements that use bland and uninteresting copy cannot expect tobe competitive, orenthuse customers about their destination or tourism product. ADVERTISEMENT FORMATS Regional tourism spends large sums each year on advertising but how much proves to be effective? Many advertisements fail to produce results, and poor design is often the reason. Advertisements that work follow a number of basic rules. First and foremost, successful advertisements carry a strong message that relates to the reader. It grabs their attention, and excites their interest by presenting customer benefits in a compelling, involving way. The advertisement heading describes the one key selling pointhat will enthuse the reader. This should have no more than eight words. MARKETING There have been various attempts to define â€Å"marketing† but so far no universally accepted definition has been devised . this is perhaps due to the fact that marketing as a compresive management function is farily concept which effectively only started to be applied in the early 1950’s . like most innovations , marketing has been gradually adoptes be increasing the number of enterprises mainly in the fields of consumer products with diverse ideas developed as to what it should embrace and how its priciples should be implemented . n the last few decades , however , marketing has become an established management process and practice in most industries. FEATURES OF TOURISM MARKETING Marketing of tourism product has certain peculiar characterstics. although general principles of marketing of products of other industries could be applicable so marketing of tourist product , there are a certain differences in approach . these differences are because of peculiar character of tourist product . amoung the peculiaities of the tourist product are :- TOURISM IS AN INTANGIBLE , NON MATERIAL PRODUCT No transfer of ownership of goods is involved as compared to a tangible product; say for example , in case of sale of a motor car , certain facilities , installations , items of equipment are made available for a specified time and for specified use . Production and consumption of tourist services are closely interrelated The travel agent or tour operator who sells this product cannot store it . production can only be completed if the customer is actually present. There is a close link between production and consumption of tourist services. Most tourists services cannot be consumed incrementally, in the other words, consumption, once begun, cannot be stopped, interrupted or modified at all. A TOURIST PRODUCT IS ASSEMBLED BY MANY PRODUCERS The tourist product cannot be provided as single enterprises. Each of the components of a tourist product is highly specialized and together makes the final product. This is not so in the case of the other tangible products where one manufacturer produces a total product. In tourism on the other hand, an airline considers seats flown or passenger miles to be its product measures its production. TOURISM DEMAND IS HIGHLY UNSTABLE The demand is influenced by factors such as seasonal, economic, political, et. The seasonal changes greatly affect the demand. Seasonality means that tourism plant is frequently used for a limited part of the year and therefore uneconomic . many tourist areas have a short season usage is the seasonal unemployment, which is a serious problem. Some of the developing countries which have recently established tourist industries suffer particularly from seasonality. DOMINANT ROLE OF INTERMEDIARIES In most industries, manufacturers have a predominant control over product design, distribution and promotion and pricing. On the other hand in tourism, sales intermediaries like a tour operators, travel agents, reservation services and hotel brokers play a very dominant role and enjoy superior marketing strength. From the stand point of tourism marketing this strong position of the travel trade has significant implications. The travel trade determines to large extent which services will be sold and to whom . DIVERSE MOTIVATIONS It is comparatively simple to determine why people buy a certain make of refrigerators, smoke certain brands of cigarettes, and use certain brands of toothpaste. The subjective and objective reasons, expectations and desires which influence tourists’ choice for a certain holiday destination, type of accommodation and vacation activities are far less evident. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research refers to the search for Knowledge. At is scientific investigation for the Search for relevant information. Research consists of comprising and referring problem, formulating solutions, collecting, organizing, evaluating data, making conclusions and carefully testing. TITLE OF THE STUDY â€Å"A study on Role of advertisement in promotion of tourism† in India. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY: Advertising may be defined as a form of  communication  used to encourage or  persuade  an audience (viewers, readers or listeners. Sometimes a specific group of people. ) To continue or take some new action. Advertisement helps to promote tourism by providing people with information regarding various places which are known as well unknown to people. Attractive advertisement of a place motivates people to go to the place and hence increase the tourism. Hence this is a study to analyse the role of advertisement in promotion of tourism in India. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Advertisements and publicity play an important role in promotion of tourism in any country. In India numerous advertisements are made every year, however less importance is given to tourism advertisements and publicity. In absence of effective advertisement about tourist places, tourism suffers badly which in turn affect the GDP and employment in the country. Many places in different parts of India like Kerala, Goa etc have remained unexplored and untapped in absence of proper promotion and advertisements This project aims at analyzing the role of advertisement in promotion of tourism. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To understand the relationship of advertisement and tourism * To identify the prominent mode of advertisement used in promoting tourism * To study the tourist attitude towards advertisement * To understand the need of advertising in tourism * To suggest few changes in tourism planning so that the Indian tourism development corporation (ITDC) can improve its advertising and promotion. NEED OF THE STUDY Through this study it would be possible to find out how effective has the role of advertisement been for promoting tourism in India and also the ways in which it can improve tourism in the country. It intends to find answers to the problems and shortcomings in tourism infrastructure development in India and tourism support services such as quantity and quality of publictransport ,accommodation, shopping,information services and internet and tel